Estimating the reciprocal relationship between COVID-19 infections of prisoners and staff and infections in the surrounding communities (doi:10.48349/ASU/OMJKFZ)

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Part 1: Document Description
Part 2: Study Description
Part 3: Data Files Description
Part 4: Variable Description
Part 5: Other Study-Related Materials
Entire Codebook

Estimating the reciprocal relationship between COVID-19 infections of prisoners and staff and infections in the surrounding communities

doi:10.48349/ASU/OMJKFZ

ASU Library Research Data Repository

2025-07-10

1

Wallace, Danielle; Eason, John, 2025, "Estimating the reciprocal relationship between COVID-19 infections of prisoners and staff and infections in the surrounding communities", https://doi.org/10.48349/ASU/OMJKFZ, ASU Library Research Data Repository, V1, UNF:6:cstjai3ENg4UNuKnpEAzfA== [fileUNF]

Estimating the reciprocal relationship between COVID-19 infections of prisoners and staff and infections in the surrounding communities

doi:10.48349/ASU/OMJKFZ

Wallace, Danielle (Arizona State University)

Eason, John (Brown University)

Wallace, Danielle

Walker, Jason

School of Criminology and Criminal Justice

Stata

R

2032747

ASU Library Research Data Repository

Wallace, Danielle

Eason, John

Wallace, Danielle

2025-07-06

https://doi.org/10.48349/ASU/OMJKFZ

Social Sciences, Imprisonment, COVID-19, incarcerated persons, Prisoners, Correctional personnel

During the pandemic, the Federal Bureau of Prison's (BOP) COVID-19 dashboard provided daily (updated at 3pm EST nightly) updates on active COVID-19 cases, recoveries, and associated deaths for staff and incarcerated persons by each prison facility (including administrative, medical, and community corrections faculties) in the federal prison system. To collect this information daily, we engaged in nightly, automated web scraping, resulting in a longitudinal panel dataset of COVID-19 information by prison. In the nightly scrape, we also obtained population counts of incarcerated persons in different types of incarceration (in-prison incapacitation v. home confinement v. on community corrections), as well as in private prisons within with BOP system. Additionally, the BOP reported COVID-19 counts for incarcerated persons and staff in community corrections facilities. Lastly, the BOP reported the COVID-19 counts for incarcerated persons in private prisons, but did not report staff COVID-19 counts. The data collection window begins on April 16th, 2020 and ends on July 8th, 2021.

2020-04-16-2021-07-08

Data was collected from the Federal Bureau of Prison's (BOP) COVID-19 dashboard (see bop.gov/coronavirus) which is no longer available. To see a version of the website when it was available, you can visit: https://web.archive.org/web/20230509112633/https://www.bop.gov/coronavirus/

<a href="http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0">CC0 1.0</a>

Wallace, D., Eason, J. M., Walker, J., Towers, S., Grubesic, T. H., & Nelson, J. R. (2021). Is there a temporal relationship between COVID-19 infections among prison staff, incarcerated persons and the larger community in the United States?. International journal of environmental research and public health, 18(13), 6873.

10.3390/ijerph18136873

Wallace, D., Eason, J. M., Walker, J., Towers, S., Grubesic, T. H., & Nelson, J. R. (2021). Is there a temporal relationship between COVID-19 infections among prison staff, incarcerated persons and the larger community in the United States?. International journal of environmental research and public health, 18(13), 6873.

Wallace, D., Walker, J., Nelson, J., Towers, S., Eason, J., & Grubesic, T. H. (2021). The 2020 coronavirus pandemic and its corresponding data boon: Issues with pandemic-related DATA from criminal justice organizations. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 37(4), 543-568.

10.1177/10439862211027993

Wallace, D., Walker, J., Nelson, J., Towers, S., Eason, J., & Grubesic, T. H. (2021). The 2020 coronavirus pandemic and its corresponding data boon: Issues with pandemic-related DATA from criminal justice organizations. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 37(4), 543-568.

Grubesic, T.H., Nelson, J.R., Wallace, D. et al. Geodemographic insights on the COVID-19 pandemic in the State of Wisconsin and the role of risky facilities. GeoJournal 87, 4311–4333 (2022).

10.1007/s10708-021-10503-5

Grubesic, T.H., Nelson, J.R., Wallace, D. et al. Geodemographic insights on the COVID-19 pandemic in the State of Wisconsin and the role of risky facilities. GeoJournal 87, 4311–4333 (2022).

Towers, S., Wallace, D., Walker, J. et al. A study of SARS-COV-2 outbreaks in US federal prisons: the linkage between staff, incarcerated populations, and community transmission. BMC Public Health 22, 482 (2022).

10.1186/s12889-022-12813-w

Towers, S., Wallace, D., Walker, J. et al. A study of SARS-COV-2 outbreaks in US federal prisons: the linkage between staff, incarcerated populations, and community transmission. BMC Public Health 22, 482 (2022).

Scott-Hayward, C., Wallace, D., & Mavrikos, A. (2024). The Federal Prison System Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic. Criminal Law Bulletin, 60(2), p. 212-229

Scott-Hayward, C., Wallace, D., & Mavrikos, A. (2024). The Federal Prison System Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic. Criminal Law Bulletin, 60(2), p. 212-229

• Number of cases: 35266

• No. of variables per record: 10

• Type of File: text/tab-separated-values

UNF:6:ooeV47vlEY50yWjG4FnHsA==

The file bop_covid_information_daily.csv contains daily counts of COVID-19 infections, recoveries and deaths among staff and incarcerated persons within all, publicly-run, prison facilities in the Federal Bureau of Prisons. Remember that the data collection window begins on April 16th, 2020 and ends on July 8th, 2021 and occasionally, various prisons would not update their COVID-19 numbers during the data collection window. Lastly, Estill FCI and Marianna FCI had previously experienced natural disasters which significantly damaged the facilities and changed their operational status (see Wallace et al. 2021). Note that these prisons have different COVID-19 reporting at this time given that they were largely not functional. This data can be merged (using date and facility name) with the bop_inmate_population_daily.csv to create daily rates of COVID-19 prevalence (not incidence rates; see Wallace et al., 2021) within prisons. Note that all facilities in a Federal correctional complex (FCC) will share the same ID but have different facility names. Also, this data can be appended to the data from the file bop_private_covid_information_daily.csv to generate a complete file of all BOP facilities and COVID-19 prevalence rates among incarcerated persons. Dates covered in this dataset range from 04/16/20 to 07/08/2021. Note that the BOP did not always update their data. Additionally, 122 facilities are in this data.

• Number of cases: 34375

• No. of variables per record: 7

• Type of File: text/tab-separated-values

UNF:6:g1qGpNRNvYBR6bH1LEhnhQ==

The file bop_covid_testing.csv contains daily counts of COVID-19 testing by publicly-run facilities in the BOP system. Testing information is reported as completed tests, positive tests, and pending tests. Some prisons in the BOP had testing in house, while others did not. Dates covered in this dataset range from 09/10/2020 to 07/09/2021. Note that the BOP did not always update their data. Additionally, 122 facilities are in this data.

• Number of cases: 45939

• No. of variables per record: 5

• Type of File: text/tab-separated-values

UNF:6:9JcuO+qxc+pnFW9CwVJ0uw==

The file bop_inmate_population_daily.csv contains daily population counts of incarcerated persons in all, publicly-run, prison facilities in the Federal Bureau of Prisons. When the BOP started reporting on this data, they reported prisons populations from earlier in the year. Thus, the data window begins on January 9th, 2020 and ends on July 8th, 2021. Next, this population data reports on all facilities, including those that are in prison complexes. Lastly, Estill FCI and Marianna FCI had previously experienced natural disasters which significantly damaged the facilities and changed their operational status (see Wallace et al. 2021). Note that these prisons have smaller incarcerated populations during this time.

• Number of cases: 2494

• No. of variables per record: 7

• Type of File: text/tab-separated-values

UNF:6:DArR+5Houg38ahAh7d5iFA==

The file bop_private_covid_information_daily.csv contains daily counts of COVID-19 infections, recoveries and deaths among incarcerated persons within all, privately-run, prison facilities in the Federal Bureau of Prisons. The data collection window begins on April 16th, 2020 and ends on July 8th, 2021 and occasionally prisons would not update their COVID-19 numbers during the data collection window. Note, private facilities did not report staff infection information. This data can be merged (using date and facility name) with the bop_private_inmate_population_daily.csv to create daily rates of COVID-19 prevalence within private facilities (not incidence rates; see Wallace et al., 2021). Also, this data can be appended to the data from the file bop_covid_information_daily.csv to generate a complete file of all BOP facilities and COVID-19 prevalence rates among incarcerated persons. Dates covered in this dataset range from 04/24/20 to 07/08/2021. Note that the BOP did not always update their data. There are 11 facilities in this data.

• Number of cases: 2321

• No. of variables per record: 5

• Type of File: text/tab-separated-values

UNF:6:/mT4qDmpfNkiQApR4bIkeA==

The file bop_private_inmate_population_daily.csv contains daily population counts of incarcerated persons in all, privately-run, prison facilities in the Federal Bureau of Prisons. Remember that the data collection window begins on January 9th, 2020 and ends on July 8th, 2021. When the BOP initially released this information, it back reported prison populations beginning in early January 9th, 2020. Next, this population data reports on all private facilities, including those that are in prison complexes. Thus, there are 13, not 11 facilities in this data.

• Number of cases: 3536

• No. of variables per record: 5

• Type of File: text/tab-separated-values

UNF:6:BG4WAMT1VNXdvaBgD1dFsw==

The file bop_rrc_covid_information_daily.csv contains daily counts of COVID-19 infections, recoveries and deaths among individuals at community corrections facilities in the Federal Bureau of Prisons. Remember that the data collection window begins on August 5th, 2020 and ends on July 8th, 2021. Note that the BOP did not always update their data. Finally, there are 147 facilities in this data.

• Number of cases: 32944

• No. of variables per record: 5

• Type of File: text/tab-separated-values

UNF:6:+xgizJQNJXnM3Ec1Y0M8Rg==

The file bop_rrc_covid_testing.csv contains daily counts of COVID-19 testing in all residential reentry facilities in the BOP. Testing information is reported as completed tests, positive tests, and pending tests. Dates covered in this dataset range from 09/20/2020 to 07/09/2021. Note that the BOP did not always update their data. Additionally, 147 facilities are in this data.

• Number of cases: 214

• No. of variables per record: 2

• Type of File: text/tab-separated-values

UNF:6:Pc0MTP8FedOvDWzVUq7dOQ==

The file bop_rrc_population_total.csv contains daily population counts of all incarcerated persons in residential reentry facilities within the BOP. The data collection window begins on November 13th, 2020 and ends on July 9th, 2021.

• Number of cases: 313

• No. of variables per record: 5

• Type of File: text/tab-separated-values

UNF:6:VznteiOj1h8xDjQNCj1KoA==

The file bop_total_population_daily.csv contains daily population counts of all incarcerated persons in various incarceration settings (prison, home-confinement, private prisons, and community corrections), system-wide. The data collection window begins on May 7th, 2020 and ends on July 8th, 2021.

• id - id
• facility_name - facility_name
• state - state
• staffpositiveamt - staffpositiveamt
• staffrecoveries - staffrecoveries
• staffdeathamt - staffdeathamt
• inmatepositiveamt - inmatepositiveamt
• inmatedeathamt - inmatedeathamt
• inmaterecoveries - inmaterecoveries
• date - date
• id - id
• date - date
• completedtest - completedtest
• pendtest - pendtest
• postest - postest
• facility_name - facility_name
• i - i
• id - id
• facility_name - facility_name
• state - state
• inmate_pop - inmate_pop
• date - date
• id - id
• facility_name - facility_name
• state - state
• inmatepositiveamt - inmatepositiveamt
• inmatedeathamt - inmatedeathamt
• inmaterecoveries - inmaterecoveries
• date - date
• id - id
• facility_name - facility_name
• state - state
• inmate_pop - inmate_pop
• date - date
• id - id
• inmatepositiveamt - inmatepositiveamt
• inmaterecoveries - inmaterecoveries
• inmatedeathamt - inmatedeathamt
• date - date
• id - id
• date - date
• completedtest - completedtest
• pendtest - pendtest
• postest - postest
• popcount - popcount
• date - date
• homeconfinementoveralltotal - homeconfinementoveralltotal
• federalinmatepopulationtotal - federalinmatepopulationtotal
• ccmfacilitypopulationtotal - ccmfacilitypopulationtotal
• privatefacilitypopulationtotal - privatefacilitypopulationtotal
• date - date

f41092 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:SVqT+FTVXQ0Lz2KW7majyA==

f41092 Location:

Variable Format: character

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f41092 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:LvzxtO2dyInjrQ5U1tocLw==

f41092 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 6.608177848352538; Max. 84.0; Valid 35266.0; Min. 0.0; StDev 9.987347449368494

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:HKHchYduT4dm7G74SniiuQ==

f41092 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 35266.0; Max. 251.0; StDev 30.410812575662643; Mean 23.314722395507648; Min. 0.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:T8okTlyPwS1DFPCBE4IgNQ==

f41092 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 0.13889670451249267; Valid 35266.0; Max. 1.0; Mean 0.01967901094538694; Min. 0.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:FapmFtUpl6bqSyhn2fowIQ==

f41092 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 58.82224467246727; Max. 1276.0; Valid 35266.0; Mean 17.357398060454685; Min. 0.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:+Kfh8NDTjP4nD7wGtUwyvA==

f41092 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 35266.0; Max. 20.0; Min. 0.0; Mean 1.266999376169663; StDev 2.9011989673255614

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:5TgxI+0FnYiFA6V43vhx4A==

f41092 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 1822.0; StDev 264.019303115677; Mean 201.7898542505498; Min. 0.0; Valid 35266.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:D6kbkrPgNFFGy68djESo7g==

f41092 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:amvoUTlB4B2u91zJb6IRIQ==

f41097 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:dVf1yuOm6kZF/OwMbAfrBg==

f41097 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:7IhMkxbbwaSXKgHJ9ZtDvg==

f41097 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 34375.0; Mean 754.4236218181761; Min. 10.0; Max. 2888.0; StDev 387.276253126991;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:wraZ29IH2OaAYfw8Jssu+Q==

f41097 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 0.0; Valid 34375.0; StDev 47.26739501706052; Mean 11.798894545453873; Max. 807.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:SDz6xxG2m4WDEe60kETnvg==

f41097 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 2039.0; StDev 263.58954663155356; Min. 0.0; Valid 34375.0; Mean 281.35723636363844

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:jHI9TeaUJ1i6YQi9QdOLGg==

f41097 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:vAlIcq1l2fiYNmQQBJdwuw==

f41097 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 81.34050506747948; Max. 283.0; Mean 141.38234181818177; Min. 1.0; Valid 34375.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:T2hBdJQCkDQGPsFYsj5BpA==

f41093 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:VkeYkwFZEDkfmVWG5tzMgw==

f41093 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:Dd2A9nwXTG3PeerTZE6VJg==

f41093 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:nbV+g9zDWPVCWnFxQ2bffg==

f41093 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 45939.0; StDev 494.807526337315; Min. 1.0; Mean 657.8888308408912; Max. 3231.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:weQf2yzYEDzYyTeuvTnLGQ==

f41093 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:E3EjSCSPCq+yLqo0/t/LpQ==

f41110 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:SD8Iph/tnc0IgjvsGd/k6g==

f41110 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:96g/lqrn/gFwLEE7eVLIsw==

f41110 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:qkk0Y+gRa6j55kdVP7163w==

f41110 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 0.0; Mean 6.5104250200481; StDev 16.384166935583302; Valid 2494.0; Max. 170.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:qA+2H2k9V5zPUuKlrnDNLw==

f41110 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 0.9904180091739023; Min. 0.0; Mean 1.0585404971932566; Max. 4.0; Valid 2494.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:r5PKFw60MMxIxVGzI9IySw==

f41110 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 531.0; Min. 0.0; Valid 2494.0; StDev 107.10331840563184; Mean 85.0180433039309

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:4xMohRy4NdK162L8Cfqyzw==

f41110 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:/r2UlQNYl5dapzZDlIZ7pw==

f41096 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:7dK6oER+yN2YVqR6DXBtUA==

f41096 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:pP9M08dMrOcSe0YetThUPQ==

f41096 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:pu0GskHko68KZ8rDDFNlMg==

f41096 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 1338.6471348556681; StDev 382.72528975138107; Valid 2321.0; Max. 1774.0; Min. 1.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:hF8SETMB86f4fhLJdS0tMA==

f41096 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:lk067RnXv1VYbNnyJ5Z6wQ==

f41099 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:HnzNgcnssdAUEq4m5Qy0Ag==

f41099 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 0.0; Max. 8.0; StDev 1.750029097459633; Valid 3536.0; Mean 1.8863122171945697

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:9HdhSHHyVzRCLcn3bEjFsw==

f41099 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 0.5432692307692313; StDev 1.0369932337365524; Min. 0.0; Max. 4.0; Valid 3536.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:uWu9MEWuPRKTF+trLjEcjg==

f41099 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 0.050339366515837; StDev 0.21867518862845642; Max. 1.0; Valid 3536.0; Min. 0.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:NdOnlHc81T3MRGwNneyHoQ==

f41099 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:vI2Oxf07s6atr8E1aw9S3g==

f41100 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:lQW+jd6sCGaN+JGu+/af1w==

f41100 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:04vikOC7HASPe2Vyt2Mgzg==

f41100 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 32944.0; Max. 40.0; Mean 4.7457807187955225; StDev 5.245003356591888; Min. 0.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:YCKtpscKy72ZzEHrPdBm0g==

f41100 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 8.0; StDev 1.1284012466727318; Valid 32944.0; Mean 0.2957746478873238; Min. 0.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:oGx8qI7xnmk4HygPmit5ow==

f41100 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 62.0; StDev 5.256748033907941; Valid 32944.0; Min. 0.0; Mean 4.584082078678964;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:aU+CmcZozEnJiAaJ/DLO4g==

f41098 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 6936.0; Mean 6207.873831775701; Min. 5742.0; StDev 286.2396611779329; Valid 214.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:25NK2JhaJF6zt8MsBXTvLg==

f41098 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:/tJLWLkkoK/OyYXImx/4Cg==

f41094 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 7506.118210862619; StDev 614.1773751620057; Valid 313.0; Max. 8141.0; Min. 5110.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:uqWVRnB6QPcueQFsxT9WAQ==

f41094 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 122913.0; StDev 3962.679984086941; Mean 128110.32587859425; Valid 313.0; Max. 140369.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:8IM/XXS2H15kae33C0i6QQ==

f41094 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 14453.0; Mean 13643.463258785941; Min. 11161.0; Valid 313.0; StDev 616.1490616025519

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:WHlHg0En+HO6MQJHtx5nfA==

f41094 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 313.0; Min. 9093.0; Max. 16945.0; Mean 13623.041533546333; StDev 2038.1223608715989;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:67uCgp2ig2qUOIJMrsIxzQ==

f41094 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:WXGwkS6WvjNTX7PErMWCFg==

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codebook.pdf

Text:

Codebook for all datasets

application/pdf

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WallaceEason_COVIDPrisoners_README.txt

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